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The paired analyses of the Mg/Ca ratio and oxygen isotopic composition (δ 18Oc) of surface-dwelling planktonic foraminifera have become a widely used method for reconstructing the oxygen isotopic composition of ambient seawater (δ 18Osw) as a robust proxy for surface salinity.
Recent work has demonstrated that thermal remote sensing estimates of surface radiometric temperature provide a complementary source of land surface information that can be used to define a robust proxy for root-zone (top 1 m of the soil column) soil moisture availability.
The title and abstract recapitulate the content of articles and provide a robust proxy for the full text [40].
According to this approach, a genetic variation (e.g., apoE) that serves as a robust proxy for an environmentally modifiable exposure (e.g., serum cholesterol level) can be used in order to make causal inferences about a disease [ 12].
As a robust proxy for replication timing, we divided the genome into three equal parts: (i) Early, (ii) Middle and (iii) Late replicating regions by splitting on the tertiles of the observed distribution.
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In other words, measures such as knowledge that N2O is a GHG may not be robust proxies for overall beliefs about whether climate change is occurring and what its causes are.
However, outcomes do represent a robust proxy measure of the urgency of the patient condition in the ED.
Therefore, through the development of robust proxies or indicators of extramedical opioid use, this study will yield a useful surveillance tool for public health authorities.
First, we use column [5] as an informal way to check that the results reported in columns [1] [4] are fairly robust to adding proxies for unobserved cognitive abilities.
Discovering genetic predictors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) necessitates the evaluation of novel factors including maternal genetic effects, which are a proxy for the intrauterine environment, and robust epidemiologic study designs.
In any case, our analysis techniques use genetic distance as a proxy for phylogeny, and are thus robust to changes in systematic nomenclature.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com