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If you live near a nuclear power plant, fly in airplanes, ride in cars or trains, have an implanted pacemaker, keep money in the bank, or carry a phone, your safety and well-being depend on a robust, evolving, practice of network security.
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At the same time, many companies are measuring success in more robust, evolved ways.
To sum up, the changeability of each gene expression level by noise and mutation was correlated, for a robust evolved system.
Molecular light absorbers offer flexibility in fine tuning of orbital energetics, and metal oxide nanoparticles have emerged as robust oxygen evolving catalysts.
We observed that populations founded by robust clones evolved greater resistance to heat shock, relative to populations founded by brittle (less-robust) clones.
From neurorobotics, cognitive, self-organizing and artificial immune system perspectives, our discussions focus mainly on how robust behaviors evolve or emerge in these systems, having the capacity of interacting with their surroundings.
Indeed the study found that the populations founded by the robust clones evolved greater resistance to heat shock than the populations founded by the brittle clones, even though their initial mean fitness in the heat-shock treatment was indistinguishable (McBride et al. 2008).
While it has been suggested that therapies targeting growth factors are robust against evolved resistance, current therapies against growth factors, like antiangiogenic drugs, are not effective in the long term, as resistant mutants can evolve and lead to relapse.
Because indole is a shared cellular product, we predict that therapeutics targeting it not only could block antibiotic resistance in the short term but also would themselves be robust against evolved resistance in the longer term.
We find that in our model, the drugs most robust against evolved drug resistance are those that target the most widely shared external products, or 'public goods', of pathogen cells.
A somewhat related idea is that adaptation to the 45°C heat shock might require multiple mutational substitutions, and the robust clones evolved relatively faster because they happened to contain one or more of the needed mutations.
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