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For example, Jackson and Pettit (1988, 1990) distinguish the robust "causal efficacy" of physical properties from the weaker "causal relevance" of higher-level properties.
To make a difference to applied practice and policy, the transformational leadership construct requires a refined definition and stronger empirical tests allowing for robust causal inference.
But if a higher level process is less sensitive to disturbance or intervention than certain molecular causes, the more powerful mechanistic explanation can be the one that appeals to more robust causal connections.
These partially differing results might be due to the collinearity of climatic covariates which hinders the estimation of robust causal effects especially for the upper boundaries of the data ranges.
Large-scale prospective cohort studies are needed to ascertain the robust causal association between household inhalants and NPC risk in South China.
Historically, CS has been subjected to some criticism in the literature due to a lack of robust causal evidence linking it to improved clinical outcomes.
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To gain a more comprehensive understanding of the complex individual-level impact of financial incentives on travel behavior and health, higher-quality studies that support more-robust causal inference are required.
This is indicative of the robust and causal relationship between fitness and mortality.
More research is required to shed light on the course of these various biochemical phenomena and enable more robust conclusions on causal relationships.
One of the most fruitful and commonly cited lines of inquiry from the adult depression literature comes from the robust and often causal association between depression and stress.
We used fixed effects analyses that remove all observed and unobserved time-invariant confounding, allowing a more robust assessment of causal associations than is possible with non-repeated-measures data.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com