Productivity improvement, improved safety and quality, and reduced road user costs have motivated these developments.
The LCC functions considered in the LCC optimization consist of initial cost, expected life-cycle maintenance cost and expected life-cycle rehabilitation costs including repair/replacement costs, loss of contents or fatality and injury losses, road user costs, and indirect socio-economic losses.
A general LCC model for optimum design of steel bridges consists of those of initial cost and direct/indirect rehabilitation costs of a steel bridge, including repair/replacement costs, loss of contents or fatality and injury losses, road user costs, and indirect socio-economic losses.
Deductively, certain models lead to the optimum upgrading alternative by introducing the cost (operations and road users cost) as the only criterion for defining the scope of the engineering project.
The main outputs of the Highway Development and Management Manual [18] include prediction of pavement performance and maintenance, road improvement effects, user costs and benefits, estimates of environmental effects, standard economic indicators etc.
It is thus particularly important that the costs of operating road user charging schemes are kept as low as possible.
The evidence on efficiency of safety interventions was collected in several terms, which are: reductions in road traffic injuries and accidents; positive changes in road user behaviours, and high benefit-to-cost ratios in the economic evaluations conducted.
The application of road user charging should be seen as part of a wider strategy involving the internalisation of external costs and the adjustment of road and vehicle taxation systems so that user charges vary according to location, time and type of vehicle (Section 3.2).
The light that reflects from the road surface enters the eyes of the road user, and makes the road visible.
