Well before self-driving cars hit the road, fleets of robotic long-haul rigs may be shipping goods across the country.
Vehicle manufacturers are required to reduce their European sales-weighted emissions to 95 g CO2/km by 2020, with the aim of reducing on-road fleet fuel consumption.
ZEVs would need to comprise 87 percent of the on-road fleet by 2050 to meet greenhouse gas targets set in the 2005 executive order.
"Improvements in the performance of the on-road fleet lag improvements in the performance of the new vehicles being added to the fleet," the authors wrote.
Wide consumer acceptance is essential, however, and large numbers of alternative vehicles must be purchased long before 2050 if the on-road fleet is to meet desired performance goals.
Modeling for the US shows that when the Tier 3 standards are fully phased-in to the on-road fleet (2030), ozone will be reduced in most areas, but exceedances of the standard can occur.54 The same study also shows diminishing returns of successive vehicle emission regulations.
Table 1 compares the emissions of criteria pollutants for the BEV in the US, best-in-class U.S. ICE, U.S. average on-road fleet,10 typical Euro 6 gasoline direct injection (DI) ICE RDE models,43,44 and the EU passenger car and the US LDV standards.
The same pattern can be found in a wide range of vehicles in the overall on-road fleet.
In twenty of the countries composing the European Union (EU20), there are approximately 800,000 buses, equivalent to 0.35% of the total road vehicle fleet (230 million vehicles), while 10% of road trips are made by bus.
Car sharing and ride sharing are being embraced as a way to reduce congestion, pollution, greenhouse gas emissions and parking problems in cities. Aecom's report found that a single car-share vehicle takes up to 10 private cars off the road; a fleet of 9,000 car-share vehicles could reduce Sydney's private car ownership by around 2%.
