The main objective of this paper is to study how road fences installed at a double-decked road affect ambient air quality, especially, pollutant concentration at some downstream locations.
Geographic Information Systems, known as GIS, allowed Ms. Knowles and her colleagues to recreate a digital version of the original Gettysburg battlefield from historical maps, documented descriptions of troop positions and scenery, and renderings of historic roads, fences, buildings and vegetation.
Also, human actions to the landscape (e.g., roads, fences) can modify habitats in ways that result in profound changes in ungulate distribution.
Watch the entire project below -- full screen, of course -- and sit back while the roads, fences and trees you thought you knew explode into a virtual lava lamp of geography.
For five levels each, we varied probability of road mortality, fencing extent, and number of passages in a full factorial design, for a total of 125 management scenarios.
Narrow sections were widened to a full, and repairs made to the road, shoulders, fencing, and line markings as required, with work carried out in sections and progressing along the length of the highway.
Costs for forming the embankment, compacting, lining, service road and fencing, and piping and pumps must also be considered.
The road is fenced off, as is a never-used bridge from E1 to Maale Adumim, since all previous efforts to build in the area have been halted.
At the gate itself, barbed wire runs along the road on fence posts and then onto the ground itself like creeper vine.
