However, compared to the river reach at Pakse, the total river fluxes are two-fold greater for C, N, P and DSi.
This is aggravated by the fact that a large amount of river water has been diverted for irrigation in the entire basin area, altering the river fluxes that are essential to maintain the health of the delta ecosystem.
Contenders for this year's award include Paul Farley, whose collection The Dark Film employs his trademark exuberant humour while travelling "the dark river of flux"; Sharon Olds, whose recent divorce is viscerally examined in her work Stag's Leap; and Simon Armitage, whose The Death Of King Arthur re-energises ancient legends and mythology with visions of "wolves and wild boars and wicked beasts".
Unsurprisingly, water-level fluctuations and river sediment flux acted as the main forcings on the evolution of the Danube Deep-Sea Fan.
However, as in many alluvial systems, the aquifer inflows and outflows are not precisely known because of the difficulty of estimating the river infiltration flux and the boundary subsurface flow.
The massive river energy flux to the Arctic Ocean carries an enormous heating power of 1.0 × 1019 J/year for each 1 °C of the warm river waters above freezing, which is equivalent to the power release from detonation of 2.5 × 109 TNT/°C/year (Nghiem et al. 2014).
Numerical models designed to explore Late Miocene salt precipitation regimes in the Mediterranean, which typically make use of river discharge fluxes within a few tens of percent of present-day values, may therefore be grossly underestimating these fluxes.
The present global river-borne flux of solids to the oceans is estimated as 155 × 1014 grams per year.
For regional-scale applications, this study may be used to define the data quality level (uncertainty, frequency and/or number) compatible with reliable computation of river sediment fluxes.
The results highlight that river groundwater exchange flux at the head, crest and tail of geomorphological structures significantly deviated from the one-dimensional vertical flow, due to a significant horizontal component.
