Judah did not agree with his rival's assessment, claiming: "Everyone in world who saw the fight will see that's a low blow.
Even the RAE's defenders concede that its consequences can be unwelcome: star researchers are poached by rivals before an assessment and lesser performers fired before they can be found wanting.
His comments, issued alongside results showing a 21% rise in pretax profits to £682m for the year leading up to the referendum, echoed similar assessments by rival firms.
LVMH sued Morgan Stanley in Commercial Court in Paris this month, accusing it of improperly manipulating its stock research to benefit its investment banking clients by issuing unusually harsh assessments of rival companies.
LVMH sued Morgan Stanley a year ago seeking 100 million euros ($118 million) in damages, accusing the bank of improperly manipulating its stock research to benefit its investment banking clients by issuing unusually negative assessments of rival companies.
Philosophers and others can systematically appraise theories of motivation in such terms, including through pairwise comparative assessments of rival theories in terms of those desirable features.
If some traits (for instance carotenoid-based coloration) show systematically higher discriminable variability than others this may explain why they feature more prominently as sexually selected ornaments [58], as only traits with sufficient discriminable variability can effectively be used by rivals or mates for assessment, and this can determine which traits end up being used for signaling [59].
During agonistic encounters, the four visual traits are presented in lateral display, which facilitates assessment by rivals [ 23, 24], and here the dewlap can dramatically increase the silhouette of an opponent.
The DREAM initiative offers a platform for objective assessment of rivalling methods based on in silico data providing a realistic scenario for high-throughput gene expression profiling and reconstruction of gene regulation networks (Marbach et al., 2009; Stolovitzky et al., 2007, 2009).
It is possible that the build up of memory from such visual information is aided by olfactory input allowing further individual recognition and the assessment of a rival's social rank.
