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The results show that factors such as the risks of demand, the scale of the projects, the source of financing and technology have influenced significantly in governments' decision of including economic regulation provisions in PPP contracts.
This paper formulates a risk-based cost benefit framework that allows the operator to strike an optimal balance between constraint costs and risks of demand curtailment due to malfunctioning SPS.
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It falls below a high risk of demand reduction (HRDR) and the highest level, a demand control imminent (DCI) warning.
"Inconsistent management contributed to a slow start to the programme, followed by rapid growth and now the risk of demand exceeding budgets.
"There is a risk of demand destruction," said Alexandre Weinberg, analyst with Petercam.
We specify our approaches for a minimum cost flow problem and a network capacity design problem, both of which involve chance constraints for bounding the risk of demand shortages.
Figure 2 shows the distributions of the number of risks for demand for personal care.
"The risks of stimulating demand too little at the current time seemed greater than the risks of stimulating it too much," the minutes said.
Cameron said: "You can get to a level of government debt where, not that it becomes certain that people will cease to lend you the money, but you start running risks of them demanding higher premia, higher interest rates.
Others say they think the cartel's members are already pumping at full capacity, both in an effort to keep prices from spiraling even higher, at the risk of stifling demand, and to take advantage of the unusually high prices.
To mitigate the risk of overestimated demand, BOTs usually ask limited access to private capital, which means governments hold more financial responsibility and bears the equity risk.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com