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If organizations know that each time they award a grant to a Russian candidate they will have to request permission and risk refusal, they will just stop giving us grants.
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In sample I, the request to participate in a side study on social network implied an increased risk of refusal to participate at first follow-up if subjects refused the request (RR 8.34).
There may be a time when the voters say, 'We don't want this.' " Otmar Issing, the former chief economist of the European Central Bank, warned last week that forcing a transfer union "subjects the union to the highest possible risk — the refusal of its citizens".
However, if subjects participated in the network study, their risk of refusal was decreased (RR 0.42).
These themes are situated within broader discourses of a "Not-In-My-Backyard" politics of risk and refusal.
In sample II, requests to participate in one to four side study cycles increased the risk of refusal to participate at second follow-up if subjects participated in fewer cycles than requested (RR 9.21).
If subjects participated in all side study cycles that they were approached for, even if the number of cycles was five or more, this had an opposite effect: it decreased the risk of refusal (RR 0.18).
Enrollment during morning hours was also associated with an increased risk of refusal.
For cases in which surgery is not possible (multiple lesions, high surgical risk, and refusal of surgery), topical immunotherapy may be an alternative.
It reduces the cost of the survey and, as it is almost painless, the risk of refusal is minimized (and there was none in this study).
A separate list with phone numbers of eligible Moroccan and Suriname families will be printed, and a Moroccan AMK employee will call the Moroccan families to minimize the risk of refusal to participate due to a possible language barrier.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com