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In fact, in the pre-implantation embryo, there is no measurable risk of malformation regardless of the amount of radiation exposure, and the greatest concern is death of the embryo.
In other words, the risk of malformation increased 18% for each increase in Gosner stage.
To examine the risk of malformation in offspring, we included all live births in the study population.
Thus, a maternal diseases itself – rather than medication used to treat it – may increase risk of malformation in offspring.
We detected a statistically sig-nificant relationship between the risk of malformation and xenoestrogen exposure in the study population.
Conversely, a large population-based register study found a twofold overall risk of malformation in the offspring from WWE compared with those without epilepsy (Artama et al. 2006).
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Relationships between dosage and plasma concentrations of AEDs and the risk of malformations also need to be clarified.
A number of studies have confirmed that neither the older tricyclic antidepressants nor the newer and more popular selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or S.S.R.I.'s, are associated with an increased risk of malformations in newborns.
Embryonic exposure resulting from breast radiotherapy with a dose of 0.1 Gy in the first trimester, during organogenesis, increases the risk of malformations and can cause mental retardation [20, 21].
9 However, if SSRI use increased the risk of malformation-related miscarriage/elective abortion, the association between SSRI use and risk of malformations would have been underestimated and thus would not alter our conclusions.
No increased risk of malformations is found in children of GCC survivors [ 73].
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