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According to Rienzi et al. (2003) high degrees of misalignment between the meiotic spindle and the first PB increased risk of fertilization abnormalities.
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Using the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, we identify major fitness benefits of polyandry to females under inbreeding, when the risks of fertilization by incompatible male haplotypes are especially high.
Females cannot run the risk of incomplete fertilization because unfertilised eggs are attacked by fungi within short time and can infect neighbouring healthy eggs.
Terrestrial oviposition has evolved independently several times, presumably as an adaptation to high aquatic predation pressure on eggs (Magnusson and Hero 1991) and the risk of reduced fertilization success due to stray sperm from rivals in aquatic environments (Roberts and Byrne 2011).
In fact, we are not aware of any studies that have tested the relationships between height and either extra-pair mating success or the risk of losing fertilizations.
16 Children conceived by in vitro fertilization are at increased risk of developing BWS, and the overall risk of BWS with in vitro fertilization is about one in 4,000.
There is no sign yet that they have any greater risk of disease than other in vitro fertilization babies, but the society needs more data to be sure, Dr. La Barbera said.
From the male's point of view, fertilization should be quick and instantaneous thereby maximizing fertilization success while minimizing the risk of sperm mortality and sperm competition.
Reduced levels of LIF increase the risk of miscarriage in patients undergoing in vitro fertilization.
The result was a complete absence of fertilization.
Improving stem quality increased the economic benefit of fertilization.
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