Community-based health insurance (CBHI) schemes, by pooling risks and resources, can in principal offer protection against the risk of medical expenses, and make accessible health care services that would otherwise be unaffordable.
The risk of incurring an expense at a public health facility was reduced by two-thirds.
Average rate of exchange 2008 2009: US$1 = 460 F CFA * P <0.05 ; ** P <0.01 ; *** P < 0.001 After adjusting for confounding variables, the models showed that the risk of incurring an expense in a health facility was reduced by 60%% (Table 3).
When evaluating the different categories of pharmaceutical expenses (Table 3), it was observed that Spanish-born patients have a greater relative risk of elevated pharmaceutical expenses than immigrants.
If European countries press ahead with their own goal, European companies run the risk of incurring higher expenses while American companies benefit from easier rules.
In addition, the medical insurance system, which helps individuals hedge against the risk of incurring medical expenses, contributes to private medical expenditures.
People who get insurance at work would be mostly untouched because they are already in large pools that let them share the risk of their medical expenses.
Employer health insurance programs and, abroad, universal health care systems finance that care by spreading the burden as widely as possible so that everybody pays in equally, on the theory that everybody is at risk of serious medical expenses.
Finally, we can observe that in the whole sample, the less poor are more at risk of having excessive expenses related to institutional childbirth than the poorest quintile.
But the nearly 100 planetary scientists on hand were also aware that this mission could end up as the first step in the long-sought Mars Sample Return suite of missions and that the 2020 rover would have to gather a diverse collection of samples to justify the risk and expense of getting them home.
