How do we reduce the risk of cascades in the financial system?
A lightning visit to Wroclaw by Tim Geithner, America's treasury secretary, to express his alarm over the "catastrophic risk" of cascading sovereign defaults seemed to have little impact.
As evacuees have streamed into temporary shelters or moved in with relatives, animals – including wild monkeys as well as dogs and farm animals such as pigs, chickens and cows – have been left in the danger zone close to the volcano that is most at risk of cascading ash, rocks and hot gas.
A number of studies are carried out, including: 1) an investigation of how "strength of dependence" between the CIs' components affects various measures of risk and uncertainty, 2) for resource allocation, an exploration of different, but related, notions of CI component importance, and 3) highlighting the impact of model fidelity on the estimated risk of cascades.
Particularly, during the restoration control, this scattered regulation system is not capable of assessing the risk of cascading massive blackouts, and thus resulted in the second, even larger blackout on the 31st of July 2012.
The data set presented in this paper can be used for the validation of numerical models and provide a reference for the flood risk management of cascade landslide dams.
Community outreach and public education are crucial to raise awareness of the potential risks of cascading hazards, and to save lives and livelihoods as climate impacts mount.
Furthermore, difficulties arise when uncertainties in the performance of individual, interconnected systems, lead to significant risks of cascading modes of failure.
However, with the improvement of power network structure and operation mode complexity, the risks of cascading fault and even large power outage increase [4, 5].
This problem has got solved in [34] that firstly put the protection hidden failures as a part of contingencies constituted by different accidents, secondly exposed the hidden risks of cascading during selecting N k contingencies, and last found out vulnerable lines and the key protection.
