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"There is absolutely zero risk for defection," Professor Lee said.
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Using longitudinal data for a sample of 650 mobile phone consumers and a split-population hazard model that accounts for the notion that some customers are never at risk of defection, the authors show that both the focal firm's (incumbent) and the competitors' price and mass advertising exert a significant influence on the probability of terminating an existing incumbent relationship.
Sending troops into Syria brings the risk of defection to Da'esh by soldiers who already share its Salafist world view, putting international security under further threat.
First, the risk of defection discourages costly commodity barter.
Two potential explanations for this puzzling behavior are that chimpanzees lack ownership norms, and thus have limited opportunity to benefit from the gains of trade, and that chimpanzees' risk of defection is sufficiently high that large gains must be imminent to justify the risk.
In this round, players also face no punishment for defection, since they expect to defect in the last round anyway.
Once more, the mood was right for defection.
Wang, meanwhile, was jailed for 15 years for defection, power abuse and bribe taking.
We started planning for defection for a few weeks.
Helping a dominant partner might reduce the probability of punishment for defection [ 36, 37].
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com