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While the rippling amplitude varies appreciably, the rippling wavelength varies very little and can be estimated from simple mechanical considerations.
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It can be seen from Fig. 14 that the ripple amplitude of raster path is minimal, and the ripple amplitude of circle path is slightly larger than that of raster path, and the ripple amplitude of random path is maximal.
Elasticity softening is enhanced at increased temperature as the ripple amplitude increases.
The ripple amplitude variation upon stretching is shown in Fig. 5a.
The experimental and computational results show that the ripple amplitude is reduced from 2.2 to 1.1%.
However, as strain is applied, the ripple amplitude decreases sharply, indicating that ripple effect disappears rapidly at a small strain.
In Fig. 1, H ripple is the residual ripple amplitude, and H whole is the total removal depth.
The initial average ripple amplitude is less than 1 Å, which is comparable to the bonding length.
The dependence of THz field on the ripple amplitude n α and beating frequency ω is shown in Fig. 3.
Eventually, fracturing effects under different engineering PHF inputs (i.e., pulsating frequency and ripple amplitude) are numerically simulated and analysed.
However, the model cannot explain phenomena such as the saturation of the ripple amplitude and kinetic roughening.
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