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Among additional chain-ordered phases, the ripple phase of PC and phosphatidylglycerols, exhibiting periodic ripples several hundred angstroms apart, 260) is most frequently studied.
In PC, the ripple phase occurs just below the gel-to-liquid transition chain-melting temperature that marks the coexistence of the gel and fluid phases.
(742) The lateral rearrangements are frequently studied in two dimensions: on-lattice MC models were used to simulate the ripple phase formation and de-mixing of lipids differing in chain flexibility caused by cholesterol (also analyzed by SCMFT 748)) or membrane proteins.
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The formation of rhomboydal pyramids and the transition to high temperature and low temperture ripple phases result from the interplay between different kinetic processes depending on temperature, flux and impact energy.
The analysis of 31P-NMR spectra of lipids could provide a wide range of information about lipid bilayer packing, phase transitions (gel phase, physiological liquid crystal phase, ripple phases, non bilayer phases), lipid head group orientation/dynamics, and elastic properties of pure lipid bilayer and as a result of binding of proteins and other biomolecules.
A thin gray line representing half a ripple cycle is overlaid on the plot to illustrate the ripple phases.
A rippling phase effect on Mr. Callahan's rhythm-guitar strumming, like Waylon Jennings had in the mid-'70s.
However, at lower water concentrations rippled lamellar phase transforms into an LβI phase upon heating.
As there are no diffraction ripples in phase space, the intensity along the propagated beam is symmetric about the focal plane (z = 4 mm).
All these designs reach very small passband ripple, and their phase responses are practically linear.
Similarly, other objectives such as dc link ripple minimization, DG phase current limitation, etc. can also be considered in this control system by properly designing the gains of k1 and k2.
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