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Direct foreign investment has been slow to penetrate Russia, where frequently shifting tax rules, rigid currency controls and other problems can make doing business awkward for foreign companies.
Washington has blamed the widening trade gap on competition from artificially cheap Chinese imports and demanded that Beijing end its rigid currency peg.
Argentina's rigid currency board, in which the peso is pegged at par to the dollar, makes growth dependent on capital inflows.
In the face of rising inflation, emerging economies should be lifting interest rates, not cutting them, but their rigid currency policies make this hard.
Rigid currency controls and a shortage of US dollars make it increasingly difficult for Venezuelans to find imported basic products such as milk, flour, toilet paper and cooking oil.
Both countries had rigid currency arrangements that gave them no possibility for running expansionary monetary policies during the recession.
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He has promised fiscal austerity and to maintain "convertibility", the Argentine name for the rigid currency-board arrangement which pegs the exchange rate by law.
Under Argentina's rigid currency-board scheme, not only is the exchange rate fixed by law, but in many respects the economy has already adopted the dollar.
In place of the austerity meted out by his predecessors, he would use some unorthodox measures to coax growth from a moribund economy, stretching the limits of the country's rigid currency-board scheme, which pegs the peso at par to the dollar and requires the money supply to be backed by hard currency.
To officials, this is the only way to stave off default on Argentina's $128 billion of public foreign debt, and keep alive the holy cow of Argentine economics, the rigid currency-board system which pegs the peso, at par, to the dollar.Mr de la Rua acknowledges that "many things should change".
Others have less rigid currencies but still intervene to stem what they regard as excessive upward pressure.
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