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It redirects attention from the 'free riding' problem to the 'critical mass' problem.
On the other hand, in contrast to Varian (1994), we uncover that the free riding problem is reduced in a sequential framework.
Therefore, the real root of the free riding problem lies in the heterogeneity of the national targets rather than in imperfect information.
To solve the free riding problem, universities should provide an assurance mechanism that levels the playing field.
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In this respect, our results depart from Varian (1994), who argues that sequentiality can exacerbate free riding problems: in Varian a leader with higher marginal utility from the public good might be better off by not contributing and free riding on the follower.
They object that right to work creates a "free ride" problem where union leaders and members do the heavy lifting of negotiating higher pay and better hours with management, while non-member workers reap the benefits without contributing to the cost.
In this paper results on the dial-a-ride problem with a single server are presented.
In this paper, a general dial-a-ride problem in which these three real-life aspects may simultaneously be taken into account is introduced: the Multi-Depot Heterogeneous Dial-A-Ride Problem (MD-H-DARP).
By the modelling point of view a DRTS can be effectively represented with a Dial-a-ride problem (DaRP).
This article describes a tabu search heuristic for the dial-a-ride problem with the following characteristics.
We model the problem as a multi-trip dial-a-ride problem (MTDARP), which requires designing several routes for each ambulance.
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