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Level one is for revealing macro detail such as ridge flow, which allows pattern classification and ridge counting (Jain et al. 2007; Ashbaugh 1992; Langenburg 2004).
Most fingerprint recognition systems use Level 1 characteristics (ridge flow, orientation, and frequency) and Level 2 features (minutiae points) to recognize individuals.
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Background noise, smudging, and partial nature of these types of fingerprints, usually obtained from crime scenes, hinder a good fit to precomputed models of ridge flows or patterns.
With dark, snow-streaked ridges flowing into broad, pebbled beaches, Litchfield is picturesque, but amid the imposing Antarctic landscape the island — not quite three-quarters of a mile long and half a mile wide — hardly merits a second glance.
The Pilot Ridge debris flow represents a later post-fire debris flow occurrence in a forested terrain and its destructive effects demonstrate the need for mitigation.
The Stanislaus Complex wildfire and the subsequent Pilot Ridge debris flow is representative of a later post-wildfire debris flow occurrence in a forested terrain (DeGraff et al., 2015).
The maximum velocity measured for the Pilot Ridge debris flow was about half the average for other debris flows in the Sierra Nevada (DeGraff, 1994).
The black star within the red area shows where the later Pilot Ridge debris flow occurred.
Fig. 2 A detailed map for the area affected by the Pilot Ridge debris flow in 1997.
The upper part of the north-facing drainage basin where the Pilot Ridge debris flow initiated was within the area burned by the 1987 Stanislaus Complex Wildfire.
The first case study of the Pilot Ridge debris flow considers the factors resulting in this event and illustrates the hazard posed even in a sparsely inhabited area.
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