The γ-alloy with a 600-grit finish formed a protective Al2O3-rich scale during the early stages of oxidation, whereas the same alloy with a 1 μm finish formed a less protective Al2O3+TiO2 scale.
The presence of α2 O +Z in the subsurface zone always corresponded to the growth of a non-protective Al2O3+TiO2 scale, suggesting that α2 O) precipitation initiates the breakdown of the initially formed Al2O3-rich scale.
In contrast, breakaway oxidation did not occur in wet air for the DCMS NC, where abundant grain boundaries greatly enhanced the Cr diffusion to guarantee the stable growth of the Cr-rich scale.
The mechanism of the excellent high-temperature corrosion resistance for Cr2AlC can be attributed to the formation of a protective Al2O3-rich scale during both the high-temperature oxidation and hot corrosion processes.
Catastrophic breakaway oxidation started from the upstream edge of the coarse-grained sample in wet air after an incubation period, due to the conversion of protective Cr-rich scale into non-protective Fe-rich one as a result of the water-vapor-promoted evaporation of chromia from scale.
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The salts in shale waters reached extreme concentrations over millions of years, and their chemical interactions with the surrounding rock can mobilize radionuclides., Several studies indicate that, generally speaking, the saltier the water, the more radioactive it is., Dissolved compounds often precipitate out of the water, building up as radionuclide-rich "scale" inside pipes.
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During oxidation in the temperature range 850 1300 °C, MCrAlY coatings should form Al2O3-rich scales, which are reasonably effective for long-term applications under isothermal or thermal cyclic oxidation conditions.
Nevertheless, the oxidation resistance constantly increases with increasing Cr and Al content of our single-phased c-Ti1 − x − yAlxCryN coatings, because both favor the formation of a dense well-adherent oxide scale and retard the growth of Ti-rich scales.
Adams with his plate camera and his rich grey scale, his precisely calibrated tones of black, white and intermediate greys; Eggleston with his synthetic colour, his technically advanced inkjet, Iris and C-type prints.
