Finally, we show that the functional role of the top-down influence is to improve the speech-brain rhythmic phase alignment.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.09849.011 To examine whether performance dependent engagement of the principal cells coincides with a rhythmic phase preference, we compared the average phase of spiking during correct and incorrect trial types for each neuron.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.09849.009 To examine whether performance dependent engagement of the interneurons coincides with a rhythmic phase preference, we compared their average phase of spiking during correct and incorrect trial types.
In the SCN, expression of all four Id genes was rhythmic, with peak phases occurring near the middle of subjective night at circadian time (CT) 16 to CT20.
Purpurin expression was highly rhythmic, with identical phases measured using either method (Fig. 4G; array pcosinor <.001; array pANOVA <.001; qPCR pcosinor <.001; qPCR pANOVA <.001).
In the head under LD conditions, and using DAVID [ 103, 104] to identify orthologs, we found that 7 genes encoding 7 of the 12 subunits in Anopheles to be rhythmic and in phase, with all peaking in the late day/dusk.
The dramatic, genome-wide disconnect between the phases of rhythmic CLK BMAL1 DNA binding and rhythmic target gene transcription suggests that other transcription factors and/or mechanisms collaborate with CLK BMAL1 binding and are critical to determine the phase of clock gene transcription.
Although CLK BMAL1 target genes are significantly enriched for rhythmically transcribed genes (chi-square test, p<0.0001; Figure 8A,C), there is a large discrepancy between the phases of rhythmic BMAL1 DNA binding and those of rhythmic transcription.
Experiment 1 provided proof of the principle that phase-aligned rhythmic stimulation can attenuate Parkinsonian tremor through phase cancellation, but the suppressive effects were modest and mixed with periods during which tremor was exaggerated.
