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We used a signaled nose poke task [15] that provides independent measures of impulsivity (the inability to withhold a prepotent response) and conditioned reward (approach responses to a light previously paired with a sucrose reward).
ADHD possibly represents the final outcome of diverse and discrete neurodevelopmental pathways with an 'extreme reward approach pathway' leading to impulsive and overactive behavior [ 2].
Note that VTA unit activity often increases during reward approach and reward acquisition, and that VTA unit activity can be both positively and negatively modulated at SPW-R events.
The profile of reward-site associated activity, including differential activity on correct versus error trials during reward approach and during reward acquisition, is consistent with prior observations in instrumental tasks (Morris et al., 2006 ; Roesch et al., 2007 ; Totah et al., 2013 ).
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Moreover, the few and short food mediated interactions had a major positive effect on horse-human attachment: horses trained with a food reward approached sooner and were closer to humans.
Positive synergistic activities can come from increasing the diversity of research plans and funding high-risk high reward approaches that would otherwise not be tried.
From the standpoint of evaluating the quality of the dimension reduction methodology, it is useful to reward approaches that give a high ratio R = (k* - 1)/ K, with R ∈ [0, (K - 1)/ K].
"This original high-risk, high-reward approach proved too difficult," said a foundation document describing the grant's history.
Emblematic of its high-risk, high-reward approach, the Galaxy (2-2-2) is tied for the league lead in goals with 13 — all but 2 by Donovan or Beckham — and has also allowed 13 goals, one shy of the most in the league.
But sometimes a campaign can have a moment of clarity — as John McCain's did in 2008 when it picked Sarah Palin to be his running mate precisely because it knew that it needed to pursue a high-risk, and potentially high-reward approach.
Research Corporation for Science Advancement's latest initiative, Scialog, combines all three concepts: basic research, a high-risk high-reward approach, and the potential for commercial applications.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com