For a brief review of evolutionary phenomena that may be driven by the deleterious mutation rate, see Kondrashov, A. S. 2001.
Thus the sequence of the lecture course is roughly (1) a review of evolutionary biology, (2) the medically relevant evolutionary biology of humans, and (3) the medically relevant evolutionary biology of pathogens.
A comprehensive review of phylogenetic reconstruction is provided by Felsenstein (2004), a general review of evolutionary biology including phylogenetic reconstruction can be found in Ridley (2003), and a practical guide to phylogenetic reconstruction and commonly used software is found in Hall (2008).
That seems hardly possible by artificially manipulating the genetics of nearly seven billion people (though recent reports of a goal of five billion shots for the H1N1 swine flu virus, in a sense, addresses the issue of sheer totality of numbers; see Hood and Jenkins (2008) for a review of "evolutionary medicine").
In addition, for a general review of evolutionary algorithms and related issues on their applications, the reader is referred to [ 46].
In a recent review of evolutionary responses of natives to introduced species, Strauss et al. (2006) compiled 11 known cases of phenotypic change in native prey in response to introduced predators: of these, six involved behavioral changes in the prey, and five involved changes in morphology, but there were none reporting changes in life history traits.
While we will frequently mention the link between adaptation and population survival, we do not aim for a comprehensive review of evolutionary rescue theory (see Gonzalez et al. 2013 and 14 other articles in a recent theme issue of the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, vol. 368 1610).
We review examples of evolutionary thinking that challenge various fallacies dominating antimalarial therapy, and discuss open problems that need evolutionary insight.
For those still in doubt on the ubiquitous nature of contemporary evolution, Shine (2012) opens this special issue with a review on evolutionary aspects of biological invasions, focussing on both the invading species as the invaded ecosystems.
The paper first reviews the use of evolutionary and agent-based techniques of analyzing market behaviors and market mechanisms, and economic models of learning, comparing genetic algorithms with reinforcement learning.
