A sweeping review of shifts in the labor force since 1960 suggests that a sizable portion of the national weight gain can be explained by declining physical activity during the workday.
Fallows are reported to be shortening in this region and elsewhere in the humid tropics: Van Vliet et al. (2012) reported in a global review of shifting cultivation systems, 49 out of 59 studies reviewed reported declining fallow lengths.
A systematic review of task shifting for HIV treatment and care in Africa found that task shifting can improve efficiency, access, quality of care, health outcomes, and relationships between facility-based staff and community-based workers [ 17].
A systematic review of task shifting found that it offers "high-quality, cost-effective care to more patients than a physician-centered model".
A systematic review of task-shifting in HIV/AIDS care concluded that it is an effective strategy for addressing shortages of health workers in Africa and that it offers high quality, cost-effective care to more patients than a physician-centered model [6].
The search terms used were similar to the ones used by Callaghan et al 14 in their systematic review of task shifting in HIV treatment.
In the first part of our paper we establish the list of 10 criteria for successful CHW programmes for ART, which is based on our literature review of task-shifting, on previous multi-purpose CHW programmes for primary health care and on the more recent specific HIV and ART-related CHW programmes.
8 11 A review in 2012 of shift work and vascular morbidity, vascular mortality or all-cause mortality identified that, in 34 studies including 2 011 935 participants, shift work was associated with myocardial infarction with a relative risk (RR) of 1.23 (95% CI 1.15 to 1.31) and ischaemic stroke with an RR of 1.05 (95% CI 1.01 to 1.09).
General recommendations include a review of personnel to shift as many as 75 administrative jobs now held by uniformed officers to civilians, stricter control of overtime and a review of deployment.
