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This means that there are coupled parameters in the system, which may also contribute for the estimation of regulatory interactions with reversed signals.
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In this review we discuss how ephrins (Eph ligands) "reverse signal" through their intracellular domains to affect cell adhesion and movement, but the focus is on modes of action that are independent of SH2 and PDZ interactions.
Thus, similar to forward signaling through receptors of the TNF receptor family, reverse signaling through CD137 ligand also requires oligomerization which is consistent with previous studies [24].
Signalling through the EphB receptors is considered forward signalling and through the ephrin B ligands, reverse signalling [ 4- 7].
Blocking of bidirectional EphA-ephrin-A signaling enhances myelination, whereas interfering with EphB-ephrin-B forward and reverse signaling in oligodendrocytes has opposite effects on myelination.
Under low glucose conditions, forward signalling by EphA inhibits insulin secretion, whereas under high glucose conditions, reverse signalling through ephrin-A ligands enhances insulin secretion [ 39].
Consistent with these findings, various crucial signaling components of the T cell receptor activation pathway were inhibited by FasL triggering and reverse signalling.
Although the blocking antibody inhibits Notch signaling in OMP-C8 tumors, the possibility of the contribution of blocking DLL4 reverse signaling in CSC frequency cannot be denied [ 37].
Of particular interest, our results show distinct functions of forward signaling through the EphA and EphB receptors, and reverse signaling through ephrin-B.
Generally, the signaling pathways reported to be induced by forward and reverse signaling through the Eph-ephrin system are highly cell-type-specific.
Forward and reverse signaling through the Eph-ephrin receptors have opposite effects on process extension and myelin sheet formation in oligodendrocytes.
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