At older ages, however, the increase in incidence slows down and, for some cancers (eg, breast, lung), is apparently reversed – incidence decreases for ages >80 (eg, Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database, http://seer.cancer.gov).
Cervical cancer rates at young ages also increased, but this trend has reversed for incidence in the most recent birth cohorts.
However, for children 0 <10 years of age, the socioeconomic gradient seen in teenagers and adults reversed direction; incidence increased as neighborhood SES decreased (p<0.001 by χ for trend).
44, 45 Consequentially, Figure 1 indicates that after the development of effective combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) in 1997, the upsurge in new cases of cryptococcal disease from HICs was reversed and incidence began to decline.
The 2015 MDG target of halting and reversing TB incidence has been achieved, with TB incidence falling globally for several years in all 6 WHO regions, including Africa.
But Alma has set goals far higher than the malaria MDG to "halt and begin to reverse the incidence of malaria".
The MDG target of halving and beginning to reverse the incidence of TB by 2015 was met, with effective diagnosis and treatment saving the lives of 43 million people between 2000 and 2015.
The millennium development goal of halting and beginning to reverse the incidence of malaria by 2015 has been convincingly met, said a joint report from the World Health Organisation (WHO) and the UN children's agency, Unicef.
The target of halting and reversing the incidence of malaria has been achieved thanks to a tenfold increase in international financing since 2000 and sustained malaria prevention and treatment initiatives.
The strategy has been to give nets to the most vulnerable to meet the UN's Millennium Development Goal 6 of reversing the incidence of malaria by 2015, and the Abuja Declaration – signed by 44 African leaders in Nigeria in 2000 – to reduce the burden of malaria by the end of 2010.
Although malaria funding totalled $2.7bn £1.7bnn) in 2013 - a threefold increase since 2005 - it is still significantly below the $5.1bn needed to achieve global targets for malaria control and elimination, says WHO. Based on current trends, 64 countries are on track to meet the Millennium Development Goal target of reversing the incidence of malaria by the end of this year.
