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This association has been explained as reflecting a causal effect of exercise, but reversed causality cannot be ruled out.
In spite of some limitations of this study, such as use of very few early life events and a cross-sectional design, the latter making conclusions about causal effect impossible and a reversed causality an option, there are strengths to emphasize.
The reversed causality problem, as discussed by Barker et al. (2001) and Giroud et al. (2012) could lead to a misinterpretation of findings.
Reversed causality can however not be excluded.
However, none of the studies have examined the reversed causality.
However, these associations have to be interpreted cautiously, because reversed causality cannot be excluded.
Similar(49)
We included self-rated pain intensity in our model, which may introduce reverse causality.
Furthermore, we used longitudinal data to control for prior states and reverse causality.
Therefore, reverse causality cannot be ruled out from a regression of economic performance on cultural diversity.
Although suggestive, these results potentially reflect endogeneity due to reverse causality or omitted variables.
Diabetes-associated cognitive impairment may partly reflect reverse causality.
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