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Here we present evidence of a reverse size effect in submicron amorphous carbon films.
The reverse size effect challenges the paradigm that phase stability at the nanoscale changes monotonously with a decrease of the system's characteristic dimensions.
In pure Fe particles the transformation did not occur, whereas in the respective thin films a "reverse size effect" was observed – only the thinnest and the thickest films underwent the transformation.
The results revealed that the paradigm of "smaller is stronger" for small-scaled SC pillars holds true in nanostructured MC Cu micropillars above the strongest external size; however, below this size, a decrease in the external size triggers the reverse size effect, i.e. "smaller is weaker".
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Population structure approximated a reverse-J size class distribution, with seedling densities varying from 3.2 to 5.8 individuals ha−1.
Methylation-specific PCR primers for P3H3 were: 5′-GAGGTAAGGTTGGGGTTTTTC-3′ (methylated forward); 5′-CAACCACGTAAACAACTACTACGAT-3′ (methylated reverse), product size, 97 bp; 5′-AGGTAAGGTTGGGGTTTTTTG-3′ (unmethylated forward); 5′-CCCAACCACATAAACAACTACTACA-3′ (unmethylated reverse), product size, 98 bp.
Methylation-specific PCR primers for P3H1 were: 5′-GTTTTTTAAGTCGAGGTCGAGTTC-3′ (methylated forward); 5′-ACTAAATACGACAACGCAAACG-3′ (methylated reverse), product size, 180 bp; 5′-TTTTAAGTTGAGGTTGAGTTTGA-3′ (unmethylated forward); 5′-CACTAAATACAACAACACAAACAAA-3′ (unmethylated reverse), product size, 172 bp.
Two pairs of primer sequences were as follows: human Periostin, 5′-GATGGAGTGCCTGTGGAAAT-3′ (forward) and 5′-AACTTCCTCACGGGTGTGTC-3′ (reverse) (product size, 239 bp); human GAPDH, 5′-TCCACCACCCTGTTGCTGTA-3′ (forward) and 5′-ACCACAGTCCATGCCATCAC-3′ (reverse) (product size, 450 bp); human keratin 5, 5′-ACAGAAGCCGAGTCCTGGTA-3′ (forward) and 5′-AGATTGGCGCACTGTTTCTT-3′ (reverse).
In dry indentation, the hardness-indentation depth curve exhibits the reverse indentation size effect.
Table 2 Primer sequences and restriction enzymes of STS and CAPS markers yielding polymorphic bands for tea germplasm Marker* Forward primer Reverse primer Size (bp) Annealing temp.
The reverse indentation size effect was observed which was most likely the result of compacting and densification of the films due to grain boundary sliding.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com