These considerations suggest that a thorough review of seeds and other plant reproductive structures may reveal additional misidentifications, potentially increasing the proportion of taxonomically affiliated larval frass in the lepidopteran fossil record.
Considering the relatively recent estimated radiation time of 39 million years for V. harveyi and V. campbellii (Sawabe et al., 2007) and previous findings (Gomez-Gil et al., 2004), it was not surprising that half of misidentifications revealed in this study were V. campbellii mistaken as V. harveyi.
ITS typing revealed a 21.2% hospital misidentification rate.
Furthermore, the origin of several of the cell lines has been questioned; in several instances STR profiling has revealed cross contamination or misidentification of established cell lines, including several GBM lines (Capes-Davis et al., 2010).
Investigation of the 25 extra genes identified by Cufflinks revealed numerous causes for misidentification, including missing junctions, gaps, and false identification of genes in intronic regions (Supplementary Figs S6 S8).
A second report – published by the editorial standards committee of the BBC Trust – that examined the circumstances around the disastrous misidentification ofMcAlpine by Newsnight – also revealed that three unnamed employees had been subject to disciplinary action following a "grave breach" of standards.
Systematic barcoding of available cultures has revealed instances of out-dated nomenclature, cryptic diversity, and misidentifications, all of which may be expected in such a diverse and abundant group.
A second, less readable report by the editorial standards committee of the BBC, examining the circumstances around the disastrous misidentification of Lord McAlpine in a separate Newsnight report wrongly linking him to child sex abuse, revealed a further grave breach of elementary journalistic standards.
A test for gene conversion events revealed significant evidence (p < 0.05) for only two very short regions (18bp and 53bp) between out-paralogs, which might in fact be misidentifications due to possible misalignment artefacts.
A study in France revealed that C. tropicalis is considered the main, but not exclusive, source of false-positive identifications on chromogenic media [ 23], while Eraso et al. reported misidentification using CHROMagar and presence of both false-positive and false-negative results [ 16].
