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Ordinary quantile regression estimates tend to underestimate the true returns to language skills, and the level of underestimation differs greatly across the earning distribution.
Thirdly, there is a large degree of heterogeneity with regard to IVQR returns to language proficiency within the highly educated category.
The returns to language proficiency presented so far assume that SP is an exogenous variable and, thus, tell us little about causal effects.
In particular, while returns to language proficiency for the 1990 cohort are higher at the bottom quantiles of the distribution, their findings for the 2000 cohort show less heterogeneous returns and a less clear pattern of variation across quantiles.
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Those in the tourism industry who had mastered German and English are returning to language school.
Gao and Smyth (2011) analyze the return to standard Mandarin among internal migrants in China and find a 40% return to language proficiency.
Bleakley and Chin (2004) provide probably the most convincing IV strategy for the return to language proficiency up to the date.
I will miss Seamus Heaney, a poet who was taken from us too soon, but I will honor his legacy through an appeal that we return to language and return to our poets.
It seemed particularly cruel to me that we would lose a poetic giant in a time when the need for a return to language seems to be vital to the future of humanity.
The album, which launched the label's Return to Language series, includes two works that exalt the transformative power of language: his elegiac song cycle Audenesque and the ballet Sadat.
It seems to me that a return to language is the first step in solving some of the problems of human communication and understanding that are manifesting themselves in conflicts from the Middle East to U.S. Congressmen and Senators unable to talk to one another.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com