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The γ-irradiations were carried out under hypoxic conditions (2% O2) but cells were returned to normal culture conditions 30 minutes after irradiation (Supplementary ).
For transfections, cells were grown to 70% confluence in 12-well plates and exposed to the DNA/Lipofectamine 2000 reagent (Invitrogen) complex for 5 h in DMEM before being returned to normal culture medium.
For survival assays, U2OS cells were treated with siRNA as above, exposed to hypoxia (0.02% O2) for the times indicated, and then returned to normal culture conditions to form colonies (approx 10 days) which were then stained with crystal violet.
After treatment, constructs were returned to normal culture conditions.
At 1 h after irradiation, the cells were returned to normal culture conditions to allow colonies to form.
Briefly, cells plated on 35 mm dishes were grown to 60 70% confluency and exposed to the DNA/liposome complex for 5 h in Optimem (Invitrogen) before being returned to normal culture medium.
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OGD was terminated by returning to normal culture medium for an additional 24 h.
However, when these cells were returned to normal ADE culture to enable them to "catch up" prior to further differentiation, these cells could efficiently differentiate towards HNF4a/AFP positive hepatic endoderm (new Figure 3C).
Briefly, Caco-2 cells were incubated for 1 hr in the low-calcium medium and supplemented with 2 mmol/l EGTA before being returned to normal cell culture media (calcium repletion) for indicated times at 37°C.
Taken together, the results indicate that phenotypes associated with 'stemness' can be induced by metabolic stress in vitro and that the effects of metabolic stress are manifest on return to normal culture conditions or in tumor formation in vivo.
Glucose always returned to normal fasting levels in the co-cultures, but not in the single organ cultures (Fig. 3A,E and I).
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