Consistent with the lax detection view, it has long been established that reasoners' online verbalizations and retrospective response justifications do not indicate that they are taking any traditional logical or probabilistic considerations into account during reasoning (e.g., [11], [12]).
Recall bias in questionnaires, especially among adolescents, may influence the retrospective response.
Even where results were not statistically different, retrospective pretest responses were often rated lower than the original pretest responses, suggesting that students had overrated themselves on pretests in light of their new understanding in each learning domain.
Regarding limitations of the current study, one was its retrospective nature: responses were analyzed post-hoc rather than collecting data prospectively.
In another retrospective study, prolonged responses (18 months) were observed after treatment of weekly paclitaxel and bevacizumab in the ALK-rearrangement NSCLC patient [44].
22 Existing studies of adherence to stroke prevention guidelines are limited as they use hypothetical questionnaires or retrospective interviews, where responses may differ from actual practice, and often focus on only one risk factor.
In retrospective analyses of responses to the Medicare Health Outcomes Survey [ 18] and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale [ 19], both methods substantially reduced the average number of items administered without compromising sensitivity and specificity.
The present studies examined convergent validity of prospective and retrospective self-report interview responses, indicating that recalled responses demonstrated reasonable convergent validity with prospective responses, particularly in the near-term estimates of convergent validity.
On the one hand, it was a retrospective analysis, thus response rates due to various chemotherapy lines are limited and cannot be compared with response rates of other prospective trials.
A detailed retrospective review of response outcomes for these patients was not performed for the current analysis.
