In this model, four movement states were defined as: stationary (ST), dynamic pause (DP), anterograde running (AR) and retrograde running (RR) (Fig. 1C).
Representative illustration of different mitochondrial movement states: stationary (ST), dynamic pause (DP), anterograde running (AR) and retrograde running (RR), as marked in the kymographs.
Both the proportion of mitochondria in either anterograde or retrograde running states and their corresponding sustained speed of movement were also moderately reduced (Fig. 5D and 5E).
Using state-of-the-art microscopy techniques, we demonstrated that approximately one fourth of EEs display a retrograde run-length that is greater than the distance between the hyphal tip and the nucleus.
Heat-inactivation of kinesin-2 reduced the frequency of anterograde runs by 66%, but did not alter the peak forces on retrograde runs (Laib et al., 2009).
20% of retrograde runs escaped the trap by producing more than 80 pN of force, presumably via clustering of FMG1-B (Bloodgood, 2009), while <1% escape events were observed in the anterograde direction.
The percentage of mitochondria in either anterograde or retrograde running states (AR or RR) was moderately decreased in FUS-expressing neurons (Fig. 4F), whereas changes in the sustained speed of running mitochondria were not significant (Fig. 4G).
So it goes in this retrograde campaign.
Instead of saying, "Oh, it's Mercury retrograde; everyone will be running late," why don't we all say "Hey, it's Mercury retrograde, take your time!"?
A recent article, which analyzed movements of PrPc vesicles in mammalian hippocampal axons demonstrated that particles moving in the retrograde direction had shorter mean run lengths than those moving in the anterograde direction (4.8 versus 6.2 µm) (Encalada et al., 2011).
In a post-Dominique Strauss-Kahn era in France, feelings run high over potentially retrograde depictions of women.
