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The results concerning the anterograde and retrograde labeling after injection in area 5 (PE and PEa) were described separately in another report (Cappe, Morel, and Rouiller 2007), but we used here the retrograde data to compare the thalamic connections of area 5 with the other cortical areas (RAC, CAC, PMd, and PMv) injected in the present study.
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In rhesus macaques, our tractography-defined hubs showed reasonable overlap with hubs previously identified using anterograde and retrograde tracer data.
The F-test statistic established that the mixed distribution yielded a significant improvement in fitting the retrograde velocity data (p=10−5).
This assumption is made despite the paucity of direct data on retrograde trafficking of hGnRHR.
In particular, our data suggest that retrograde toxin transport is regulated by flotillins.
Recent in vivo data indicate that retrograde shear stress ("backward" blood flow) can induce endothelial cell-derived MPs (EMPs) in healthy humans [ 60].
Thus, translation in plants is a prime but hitherto not sufficiently explored target of retrograde signalling as underlined by the data presented in this paper.
Similar data were collected for subsequent retrograde steps.
Together, these data suggest a defect in retrograde IFT.
These data strengthen the point that retrograde trafficking is required for Jen1 degradation in the vacuole after endocytosis.
Our data demonstrated that the critical retrograde axonal transport motor dynein was markedly reduced in the striatum of A53T α-synuclein Tg mice, whereas it was upregulated in the SN, indicating defects in retrograde axonal transport in the nigrostriatal pathway.
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