Soon afterward, the F.B.I. warned correspondents that ISIS had identified reporters as "desirable targets" for "retribution attacks".
Mr Yousif says that residents are proud of their ethnicity, but the markings look like an attempt to protect homes from retribution attacks destined for Sunni Arab homes.
Although at first they wore masks to conceal their identities for fear of retribution attacks, they've since become openly celebrated for their fight against crime, which has helped bring down the number of armed robberies, burglaries and drug deals in the city.
Development Transformations is setting up a network of grassroots groups to monitor and head off retribution attacks against Iraqis suspected of having collaborated with the extremists.
Retribution attacks on solitary miners could result in larger scale attacks against Native populations, for example, the Bridge Gulch Massacre; these reprisals often targeted tribes or villages unconnected with the original act.
Similarly, while the village of Meliandou had the misfortune to be where the zoonotic transmission event occurred, care needs to be taken to avoid retribution attacks and stigmatization of the region.
Investigators believe that the man was chased away by a group of Bangladeshi men who came to the boy's aid and that he may have been seeking retribution by attacking Mr. Rahman, who is also Bangladeshi.
Al-Shabaab claims it struck Kampala as retribution for attacks on civilians by the African Union peacekeeping force, led by Ugandan soldiers who are propping up Somalia's internationally backed transitional government.
The Russian president, Vladimir Putin, vowed to find and punish those responsible and ordered an increase in airstrikes on Syria as "inevitable retribution" for the attack that killed all 224 people on board, mainly returning Russian holidaymakers.
His last brother's death came as Muslims in Paktia, and elsewhere in the country, were taking retribution for the attack on the Babri Masjid in India in 1992.
