The current rise of atmospheric CO2 at a rate of near-three perts per million per year exceeds rates recorded in the history of the atmosphere for the last 55 million years, which retards the ability of species to adapt to environmental change in time.
This is enormously costly in every sense.Second, poor governance retards growth and particularly hurts the poor.
The negative effect on school performance was of similar size to the positive one associated with America's Head Start, an early-years education programme.One explanation for such ill effects is that poor prenatal health retards the growth of the fetus or causes premature birth.
So far as their incomes are concerned, it seems to do the opposite: it retards growth, which directly reduces the income of the poor and everybody else, and then on top of that it tilts the distribution of income to the poor's disadvantage.
Getting this one big rule right makes the Californian labour market splendidly dynamic and compensates for a lot of small regulatory hassles.Overall, the evidence is clear that too much red tape retards growth.
Their overall conclusion is that greater inequality in society strongly retards economic growth, while redistribution is "largely benign", with only very extreme redistribution programmes having some negative effect.
The answer is that asset-price inflation can be harmful to economic health in the same way as inflation in the prices of goods and services.First, consider the main reason why general price inflation retards economic growth: it can lead to a misallocation of resources.
In a 1980 paper Ben Bernanke, now chairman of the Federal Reserve, formalised this effect: since most investment is irreversible, uncertainty "increases the value of waiting for new information [and thus] retards the current rate of investment".
The only thing we get in return is that people are grouped into large insurance pools, but we do this by employer, which is an arbitrary method that retards labour-market mobility and entrepreneurship; we'd do better by grouping people according to their astrological signs.This, David Brooks pointed out Monday, would be a very good thing to move towards eliminating as part of health-care reform.
On the long day the neurons switch from dopamine to somatostatin, which retards growth.We test the behaviour with a simple maze that has a dark side and a light arm.
Even Mr Sharif's defeated opponents in the Pakistan Peoples Party were proud to be the first civilian administration to last out a full five-year term.Alas, not everybody on Pakistan's political scene has concluded that repeatedly interrupting the democratic process retards national progress.
