The CTBN carboxyl endgroups strongly enhanced the curing rate through the impurity catalysis mechanism, however, the amino-terminated ATBN only retarded the reaction, possibly by dilutional effects or owing to changes in the dielectric constant of the reacting medium.
The experimental results indicate that the most important advantage of a Ti foil-based TiO2 flexible electrode over a FTO glass-based electrode lies in its reduced sheet resistance, electron traps, and the retarded back reaction of electrons with tri-iodine ions in DSSCs.
In contrast, a substituent at the α-position (181r) significantly retarded the reaction (<10% conversion) and led to moderate enantioselectivity.
As would be expected, substituents that release electrons toward the reaction site facilitate the reaction, and those that withdraw electrons retard reaction.
Although quinone methide is a highly reactive chemical species, Li and Christensen suggested that quinone methide is stabilized under acidic conditions, which likely retarded subsequent reactions.
Experimental data confirmed that electronic perturbation of BARAC's aryl rings has a modest effect on reaction rate, whereas steric hindrance in the transition state can significantly retard the reaction.
The model is based on molecular mechanisms for the oxidation and decomposition reactions as well as on the dual structure of starch particles comprising an outer reaction layer and an internal porous layer, in which diffusion resistance retards the reaction rate.
Kinetic analysis indicated that ASR retards the reaction rate and reduces the average number of radicals per latex particle in the MMA system.
Increasing sodium oxide tends to accelerate hydration, resulting in improved early- and later-age strength, while increasing the silica tends to retard the reaction, resulting in slower, more complete hydration as well as improved mechanical strength.
Successful inhibition of polymerization of alkyl-2-cyanoacrylates depends on the ability of the inhibitor to retard polymerization reaction (Ramotowski 2012).
