33 The burden of disease is attributable to the long-term impacts related to helminth infections, including anaemia, low birth weight, preterm birth, retarded growth, poorer cognitive performance and early school drop-out.
THMs were suspected to cause not only cancer but also liver and kidney damage, retarded fetus growth, birth defects and possibly miscarriage (Wright et al. 2004).
The children in this study were relatively healthy without histories of nutritional state disorders, prematurity or growth-retarded birth, severe neonatal and acquired lung disease that are known to interfere with somatic lung growth.
Poor nutritional status during pregnancy is associated with inadequate weight gain, anaemia, retarded foetal growth low birth weight, still births, preterm delivery, intrauterine growth retardation, morbidity and mortality rates [ 2].
Preterm or intrauterine growth retarded (IUGR) and low birth weight neonates are typically of this kind [1], [2].
Taf4ahep−/− animals are of normal weight and size at birth, show retarded growth by P12, begin to die between P12 and P14, and all are dead by P21.
Wild type (WT) and Mmp14 knockout (KO) littermates had similar birth weights but the KO mice were growth retarded at 3 days after birth (P3).
Mll1 +/− mice are small at birth and have retarded growth [10].
The fetal growth is retarded, leading to fetal microsomia (low birth weight) [ 23].
The progression resembles that found in homozygous lamin A knockout mice [ 19], which were indistinguishable from heterozygous or wild type at birth, but then showed severely retarded postnatal growth and markedly reduced life span.
Notably, fetal growth retardation may not always be adequately represented by a reduced birth weight.[ 1] Moreover, retarded fetal growth may be associated with alterations in organ development which in turn are associated with adult cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.
