Artemisinin derivatives the most effective and widely-used antimalarials that have helped reduce the burden of malaria by 60% in some areas over the past decade have recently been found to induce growth retardation of blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum when applied at clinically relevant concentrations.
The decay of o-ClA in UV/TiO2/oxyhalogen process is characterized by a two-stage pseudo-kinetics, where a faster initial decay was followed by a retardation state.
Nevertheless, under fluctuating light, PsbS-deficient rice plants show growth retardation at the seedling stage (Additional file 1: Figure S4) and reduced fitness at the reproductive stage [ 57], which is similar to that reported with Arabidopsis [ 13].
Most M1 treated plants exhibited growth retardation at early seedling stage, but all of them recovered, except for the 3% EMS fraction for which only 40 plants were recovered.
This is of particular interest, as this kind of mnemonic dysfunction is often observed in many pathological conditions and clinical entities such as abnormal aging, mental retardation, and an early stage of neurodegenerative disease such as Alzheimer's disease [6] [8].
The knockout mouse displays multiple phenotypic changes with some dying in less than 2 months, developing early stage growth retardation, and having shorter lifespan overall.
This retardation in the preoperational stage becomes a problem if patients are faced with adult tasks: chronic depressive patients do not adequately focus their interpersonal behavior on any anticipated consequences [ 1].
The results showed that these pigments slowed down the fatigue crack growth rate of aluminium alloy mainly at the early propagation stage, and the retardation was related closely to the inhibition mechanism of the pigments, respectively.
The DR stage showed a retardation of progression in the subgroup with supplementation but worsened in the nonsupplemented subgroup.
This results into activation of several cell cycle proteins, which ultimately result into retardation of cells at G2/M stage [ 36].
