Children identified by the mother/caregivers as presenting a mental disorder, mental retardation, development disorder, and/or psychosis were excluded.
As a result of its multiple and wide-ranging biological roles, mice with complete deletion of JAM-C exhibit a severe phenotype that includes growth retardation, development of megaoesophagus, defects in hematopoiesis (17, 24), and defective motor functions and abnormalities in neural morphology and electrophysiology (13).
Fröhlich's syndrome, also called Adiposogenital Dystrophy, rare childhood metabolic disorder characterized by obesity, growth retardation, and retarded development of the genital organs.
The aim of this study was to develop an oviparous model suitable for studying the differential effects and mechanisms by which a high concentration of extracellular glucose and other sugars produce diabetes complications, particularly body growth retardation during development.
Among the genes with reduced expression in the alcohol-treated embryos were those involved in growth retardation, neural development, heart and hematopoiesis, and epigenetics.
Transgenic plants with a strong constitutive expression of functional genes often suffer from undesirable phenotypes including growth retardation, abnormal development, and reduced seed production.
The formation of fertilization membrane and the first division showed retardation in development and time.
The disruption of both HDAC1 alleles results in embryonic lethality, as a result of severe proliferation defects and retardation in development [ 37].
Histologic abnormalities in the mammary gland, such as retardation of development, incomplete involution after lactation, and dysplastic squamous and alveolar lesions, have been found in half of MMTV– CK2α transgenic mice [ 34].
In addition, Mst1−/− Mst2−/− mice died at about E8.5 with severe growth retardation, failed placental development, impaired yolks sac and embryo vascular patterning, and increased apoptosis in placentas and embryos [32].
Phenotypically, Fbxw8 −/− embryos show intrauterine growth retardation and abnormal development of the placenta.
