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Houllier et al. [19] used analytical approaches and stochastic simulations to test for biases resulting from variance of the matrix elements, while Usher [20] derived analytic solutions for both Leslie matrices and more general models.
Similar to s and s', we find that the first episode of selection, resulting from variance in mating success, is responsible for the majority of variance in female fitness and is statistically significant in both the control and EE2 replicates.
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We then find that this relationship is more likely to result from variance in sensory timing estimates than the application of variable decision criteria, as the relationship held when we adopted a measure of timing sensitivity designed to limit the influence of subjective criteria.
Our expectation was that differences in global LI between subjects would mainly result from variance in left hemisphere activation.
Several studies have used Jensen's Inequality to predict potential biases in λ resulting from process variance e.g., [14], [15], and methods for dealing with process variance, especially over time, are well-developed [16].
The Court applied the harmless-error statute to an error resulting from a variance from the indictment, and held the error was not harmless in that case.
By convention, it is meant to refer to cases that cover 95 percent of all possible outcomes resulting from sampling variance.
In light of our results, it appears that most studies of plant demography we reviewed have sample sizes large enough to overcome potential biases resulting from sampling variance.
For many of the sample sizes used in demographic studies, matrix models are probably robust to the biases resulting from sampling variance of vital rates.
Our results suggest that for many of the sample sizes used in demographic studies (Appendix S1), matrix models are probably robust to the biases resulting from sampling variance of vital rates.
They found that phenotypic responses to the simulated warming in some traits were largely the result of plasticity, while other traits mainly varied genetically, and others showed similar levels of phenotypic variance resulting from genetic variation and plasticity.
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