This can reflect either a real difference in "species richness" between two lineages, or it may simply result from sampling bias in which the full diversity of one lineage (or both) is not included in the tree (e.g., Harcourt-Brown et al. 2001).
Lack of resolution along the backbone of a phylogenetic tree can result from sampling bias (or stochastic bias), systematic bias, or a combination of both [ 22].
To ensure that this pattern did not result from sample bias because only part of the D. holocanthus genome was available for analysis, we identified the repeat elements in the homologous regions between D. holocanthus and the smooth pufferfish genomes.
Estimating healthcare demand conditional on an event of illness poses a problem due to possibility endogeneity of self-reported illnesses resulting from sample selection bias [ 5, 6, 21].
The most limiting factor for peptide quantification is perhaps the bias resulting from sampling and sample preparation.
Although it has been shown that in case-crossover design, the bias resulting from sampling post-event referent times is small [ 54], we cannot rule out this possibility.
In light of our results, it appears that most studies of plant demography we reviewed have sample sizes large enough to overcome potential biases resulting from sampling variance.
For many of the sample sizes used in demographic studies, matrix models are probably robust to the biases resulting from sampling variance of vital rates.
Our results suggest that for many of the sample sizes used in demographic studies (Appendix S1), matrix models are probably robust to the biases resulting from sampling variance of vital rates.
Therefore, possible bias resulting from sample size is reduced.
The SCOP-derived set (iv) is an especially well curated subset of UniProt-derived set (iii); we use both to detect possible bias in the results that might arose from sampling bias in the small dataset and by possible annotation errors in the large one.
