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This variation might reflect differences in the integration of viruses used for gene delivery in reprogramming, variation in the extent of epigenetic reprogramming, spontaneous mutations resulting from reprogramming and expansion, differences in hiPSC culture technique, and even differences in the cell type of origin.
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Moreover, recent studies on numerous human iPS cell lines reprogrammed using a variety of methods showed that iPS cells may harbor protein-coding point mutations, which could have arisen in the original donor tissue or resulted from reprogramming [ 55, 56] as well as an assortment of epigenetic mark abnormalities [ 57], all adding to a possible increase in their tumorigenic potential.
The inherent clonal variability between different lines resulting from epigenetic reprogramming, which we and others have observed, may result in significant differences in iPS differentiation efficiencies.
In addition to epiallele inheritance from parents, alternative processes could generate allelic histone modifications resulting from the reprogramming of histone modifications in F1 hybrids [ 7, 8, 28].
We have developed a computational model for the architecture of the epigenetic and genetic regulatory networks which describes transformations resulting from expression of reprogramming factors.
The reason for the instability is not clear and it might be speculated that it results from incomplete reprogramming or reactivation of the reprogramming virus.
To verify whether the splicing reprogramming resulting from lamin B1 dysregulation is mediated by raver-2, we analyzed the splicing pattern of PTB-target genes in MEFs.
Some of these mutations were present in the parental fibroblast cultures at low frequencies, whereas other mutations appeared to result from the reprogramming and clonal expansion processes.
This efficiency is greater than that reported for mouse and human fibroblasts using similar viral infection approaches, and does not appear to result from selective reprogramming of Oct4+ or c-Kit+ amniocyte subpopulations.
This induction could result from differentiation or reprogramming signals such as those that follow the transplantation of a nucleus into an egg.
Although appealing, the high gene dosages of the reprogramming factors resulting from direct messenger RNA delivery may represent an oncogeneic risk owing to higher expression levels of MYC.
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