Gregory et al. (in press) developed a framework demonstrating the interaction of self-knowledge, interaction with others, critical reflection, the necessary re-evaluation, reconsideration and restructuring of knowledge which leads to transitional learning (see Fig. 4).
Since awareness of one's own ideas is the basis of revision and restructuring of knowledge, in the "Darwin 2009" project, all the discussions and guided practical experiences started from participants' previous knowledge and ideas, through questions or problematic issues.
"This event might signal a crack that allows for processes of restructuring scientific knowledge of climate change.
First, the social meaning of maleness: "In the seventeenth century it [the feminine orientation toward the world] was decisively purged from the dominant intellectual culture, through the Cartesian 'rebirthing' and restructuring of knowledge and the world as masculine"(Bordo 1987: 100).
Learners' willingness, or motivation, to engage in restructuring their knowledge appears to be essential for them to change their conceptions in science (Scott et al., 1991; Novak, 2002).
Their need for equilibration makes people rebalance their cognitive structures, which can be achieved by assimilating new information or by restructuring existing knowledge, which enables novel insights or even the revision of existing beliefs.
Swan (2001) argues that if lecturers become more aware of common errors, they will be in a better position to help students to restructure their knowledge in the direction of more aligned mathematical knowledge.
"Being a part of ITWorks gave me the ability to restructure my knowledge for technology.
When instructors do this, students need to restructure their knowledge to deal with the new context (e.g., Bransford and Schwartz, 1999; Barnett and Ceci, 2002; Lobato, 2008).
So, we propose to restructure the normative knowledge, basing this restructuring on a generic structure of engineering views.
