In plants, gene duplicates arise through diverse molecular mechanisms, ranging from whole-genome duplication to more restricted duplications of smaller chromosomal regions [ 2].
Thus, to compare structural divergence among different modes of gene duplication, we restricted WGD duplicates to those retained from the α event, and transposed duplications to those that occurred after Arabidopsis-Brassica divergence (<16 Mya).
In fact, non-synonymous divergence is exclusively restricted to between duplicates (dN = 0.036), resulting in the 10 fixed amino acid differences between Frq1 and Frq2 proteins previously detected in [ 9].
These two analyses were restricted to 172 gene duplicate pairs with known chromosomal locations for both paralogs.
To account for losses to follow-up, analyses will be conducted in duplicate, first restricting the sample to the dyads for which we have complete follow-up data, then using a conservative approach by which dyads that do not provide such data are assumed not to have documented preferences and their baseline concordance levels are used for imputation [ 83].
Because marriage restricts freedom.
We followed the stringent definition adopted by previous studies [ 14, 15] to screen the tandem duplicates, which restricted the inserted spacers to no more than one gene.
(41) Given the globalisation of banking services and the increased importance of international standards, the ECB should carry out its tasks in respect of international standards and in dialogue and close cooperation with supervisors outside the Union, without duplicating or restricting the international role of the EBA.
After deleting the duplicate records and restricting the species to Homo sapiens, we finally received 2307 distinct drug-miRNA associations, including 161 drugs and 748 miRNAs.
After discarding all duplicate articles and restricting the search to manuscripts available in the English language and pertaining to human subjects, 2 of us (SJK, WP) reviewed each remaining abstract manually.
