PFT's showed a severe restrictive pattern, and his CT revealed interstitial fibrosis with prominent ground glass opacities in the lung bases.
As society grew more complex and a market economy began to appear, the open-field system tended to give way to individual farming, permitting progressive peasants to farm as they pleased without having to conform to the old restrictive pattern.
Studies were also classified dichotomously (restrictive pattern present or absent).
A restrictive pattern with reduced diffusing capacity is typical in pulmonary function tests.
Restrictive pattern (advanced LV diastolic dysfunction) was defined as E/A ratio > 1.5 and LV diastolic dominant pulmonary venous flow.
The Valsalva manoeuvre is also very helpful in distinguishing a reversible restrictive pattern (grade III) from an irreversible (grade IV) one, because with this manoeuvre the reversible restrictive pattern can turn into an abnormal relaxation pattern, whereas the irreversible restrictive pattern remains unchanged.
A restrictive pattern is associated with poor prognosis, with patients often presenting symptoms and signs of CHF, and is characteristic of restrictive cardiomyopathies and dilated cardiomyopathy with poor LV systolic function.
In patients with infiltrative cardiomyopathies, diastolic dysfunction is commonly the primary myocardial disorder and is characterised by increased LV wall thickness and reduced LV compliance, often evolving to a restrictive pattern.
Pulsed Doppler at the mitral valve demonstrated a restrictive pattern of the left ventricular inflow with a high E wave velocity and a very low A wave velocity, highly suggestive of a high LV filling pressure.
Echo- and electrocardiography may also show strain on the right side of the heart caused by OHS, and spirometry may show a restrictive pattern related to obesity.
Spirometry revealed a moderately restrictive pattern and a very severe diffusion defect.
