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Seed dispersal can have complex effects on population extinction and both severely restricted seed dispersal and long distance seed dispersal can enhance extinction rates.
Significant positive spatial genetic structure was detected at <100 km with chloroplast but not nuclear markers, which may be a result of restricted seed flow and long-distance pollen flow in this wind-pollinated group.
Probably, the highly clustered spatial distribution patterns and spatially restricted seed germination, most likely mediated by patchy distributions of suitable mycorrhizal fungi, contributed to maintenance of genetic integrity in this species.
Following González-Martínez et al. [ 26], the parent closer to the offspring was considered to be the mother in parent pairs, also because pines present a much more restricted seed than pollen dispersal.
In addition, seeds of weedy rice usually shatter to soil seed-banks after mature, showing restricted seed dispersal [22], [23].
Thus, the strong isolating effect that the rise of the CAI has had on population differentiation for these two and other species highlights the role of restricted seed dispersal in creating spatial genetic structure in hydrochorious marine species [ 49- 51].
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Presumably MET1 silences maternal genes in the integuments and restricts seed growth through this maternal sporophytic control.
The soil moisture content over the upper 60 cm was the key factor that restricted the seed germination and seedling growth, and it affected vegetation coverage and density.
Though the number of seed-specific genes in our rice and Arabidopsis networks is low it does not rule out the possibility that given a different experimental condition, these and a few more genes may show expression and interactions at any given time during the plant's development that is not restricted to seed development only.
The expression of OsGSTF12 is restricted to seed development stages (S1-S5).
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