Western sanctions also restrict loans for Russian state banks, block defence-related technology exports and certain oil industry exports to Russia.
Fannie Mae, the government-sponsored company that sets the lending standards for most mortgages, restricts loans in buildings with too large a share of commercial space, usually beyond 20 percent, or where the building's ownership is concentrated in one person's hands.
Instead of interest rate changes, China's economic policy makers this spring have relied on a brute-force approach of restricting loans and land-use authorizations for industries that they believe to be overheating, notably real estate, steel, cement and aluminum.
Others said Chinese businesses were increasingly able to skirt government efforts to restrict loans.
But Ms. Cipollone says it is restricted to loans originated before Jan . 1 2009; the streamlined program applies to loans held for at least a year.
Congress has restricted access to such loans for the families of members of the armed services.
Congress and President Bush approved money for the loan guarantees this fall as part of a major spending bill, but those loans were restricted for the development of more advanced, fuel-efficient vehicles.
Trustees have zealously restricted access to loan data, but in a 2013 case called Phoenix Light v. JPMorgan Chase, investors surveyed the transfer history for 274 loans in a Chase trust, and found that none of the mortgages and notes were conveyed properly before the closing date.
In a recent report on European Banking, Moody's revised its negative outlook on the banking sector to stable, but still warned that a low interest rate environment and the risks of mounting bad loans could restrict profitability for the group.
"The traditional first time buyer is going to be restricted [on getting loans] so the demand for rental properties is going to increase," said Boulger.
When loans were easy to get at low interest rates, many wealthy people borrowed against such assets — restricted stock, for example — to invest in other assets.
