When the group was split into high and low restraint groups using a median of 11.5, no differences were detected in any of the absolute parameters of reported dietary intake although the higher restraint group had protein intakes account for a greater proportion of total energy.
Of the 20 invited GPs five could not be interviewed: four GPs refused to participate (2 because of time-restraints (group 3), two without a formal reason (group 4)) and one GP was abroad (group 2) when the interviews were planned.
Patients in the mechanical restraint group were more often married and more often part time employees.
The electric shock group was specifically designed to eliminate the stress variable in the treadmill group and the restraint group was designed as a stress control.
Animals in the restraint group (control stress) were placed individually in a tail access rodent restrainer (Stoelting) for a 120 min period.
Although the restraint group sample was small (n = 11), there is no evidence that, in terms of aggression and psychological functioning, the restrained group were more disturbed than the secluded and medicated group at the onset of the intervention.
A recent study about restraint reduction also showed an increased use of restraints in the control group over time [ 29].
Residents became older during the study period, so an increased use of physical restraints in the control group was not unexpected.
Furthermore, differences in organisational characteristics, such as the workload of the nurses and the staffing level, and other characteristics, like the level of fall prevention on the ward and attitudes of nurses, might explain the increased use of restraints in the control group.
However, only in the Long Evans strain were CMS related values much less than that observed in the control group after restraint stress.
However, restraint prevalence in the control group increased significantly from 56%to70%0% (P = 0.021), and there was a statistically significant increase in restraint use in the morning and at night.
